HIV tests commonly described as “saliva tests” use oral fluid collected from the gums. Most rapid oral-fluid HIV self-tests are antibody tests. They detect antibodies produced in response to HIV rather than detecting HIV itself.
According to the CDC, antibody tests can usually detect HIV 23 to 90 days after exposure. The exact window period varies, so a non-reactive result obtained soon after a possible exposure does not necessarily rule out HIV infection.
If you receive a non-reactive result after a recent possible exposure, repeat testing may be necessary after the window period for the specific test you used. Always follow the Instructions for Use supplied with your test.
Blood-based tests may detect HIV sooner than oral-fluid antibody tests. A laboratory antigen/antibody test using blood from a vein can usually detect HIV 18 to 45 days after exposure, while a nucleic acid test (NAT) can usually detect HIV 10 to 33 days after exposure.
If the possible exposure occurred within the last 72 hours, do not wait for an HIV self-test result before seeking medical advice. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) must be started within 72 hours of a possible exposure to HIV.
The fact that HIV antibodies can be detected in oral fluid does not mean HIV is transmitted through saliva. HIV is not transmitted through saliva alone.
You can read more about test timing on our When to test for HIV? page.
For further information, see the CDC information on HIV testing and window periods and the CDC information on PEP.
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